Bikesrepublic

Latest News

Brake pads are the last thing that stops your vehicle, and keeps you from ramming the vehicle in front, or going off a cliff. Thus, its importance cannot be underemphasised.

But there are three main types of brake pads, namely sintered, ceramic, and organic. So let us take a look at the differences among all three, plus their pros and cons.

A word on asbestos

But first, a safety message. Asbestos was widely used in brake pads many years ago. There are six types of this mineral and their melting points range between 400° C to 1,040° C. It is also inflammable. As such, it became the natural material for brake pads. In fact, asbestos was also widely used in other sectors and products such as electrical insulation, lining for ceramic cookware, house insulation, even firefighting suits.

However, it was discovered in the 1970s that asbestos is toxic to humans and causes mesothelioma (a type of cancer that causes a thin lining of tissue over internal organs), asbestosis (long-term inflammation and scarring of the lungs), and lung cancer when the dust is inhaled. As such, the use of asbestos containing products has been banned in 66 countries.

However, Russia continues to be the biggest miner and exporter of the material (790,000 tonnes in 2020), and there are concerns of it being used in cheap aftermarket brake pads produced in India and China. So, DO NOT skimp on the cost of brake pads and use only those from reputable brands! Additionally, do not breathe in the dust when a mechanic sprays air onto your brake components to clean them.

On the other hand, Malaysia has banned five types of asbestos i.e. crocidolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, amosite, and tremolite, but allows chrysotile for “controlled use” in the private manufacturing sector, while banning it completely from public buildings including schools and hospitals.

Sintered/Metallic brake pads

These brake pads are made of copper, steel, iron and other metals mixed with a graphite binding component.

Pros:

  • Metallic brake pads perform better than organic and ceramic brake pads in a wide range of temperatures.
  • They also continue to perform well even under the heaviest rainstorms.
  • They’re responsive and require minimal pressure on the pedal. The metal also withstands heat well.
  • They are more resistant to wear, hence last longer.

Cons:

  • Metallic brake pads are noisier than other types.
  • They cause more wear on the brake discs.
  • Metallic brakes are pricier than organic brake pads but more affordable than ceramic ones.
Organic brake pads

These contain the replacement materials for asbestos, known as non-asbestos organic (NOA). This mixed material is made of rubber, Kevlar, fibreglass and carbon compounds bound together with resin.

Pros:

  • Organic brake pads are the least expensive on the market and recommended for normal driving.
  • They generate enough friction to effectively stop the average vehicle yet do not produce as much heat as other pad materials.

Cons:

  • Organic brake pads wear out more quickly than other types, which means you will have to replace them more often.
  • They also do not work as well as ceramic and metallic pads in extreme temperatures.
  • In addition, you have to apply a bit more pressure on the lever than you do with other types of brake pads.
Ceramic brake pads

These brake pads are made from a type of dense ceramic that has copper fibres in it in order to increase friction and conductivity.

Pros:

  • Ceramic is the quietest brake pad material.
  • Ceramic brake pads perform better than organic brakes in a range of temperatures.
  • They last long but has less wear on steel brake discs compared to sintered pads.

Cons:

  • Ceramic brake pads are pricier than other types.
  • Plus, they underperform in extreme cold.
  • In addition, ceramic does not absorb as much heat as other materials.
What is missing here?

You would probably notice there is mention of carbon brake pads. Well, truth is, carbon brake pads for road use is not 100% carbon, but are of mixed materials so you would find sintered-carbon or carbon-ceramic brake pads.

True carbon brake pads are only used in the highest echelons of racing i.e. MotoGP and Formula 1.

A word about copper

More and more manufacturers are switching away from having copper fibres in ceramic and all other types of brake pads as brake dust containing copper had been found to pollute the environment, especially in waterways.

SBS is one manufacturer who are doing so and their copper-free brake pads are marked as “Better Brakes.”

The radial motorcycle tyre is so common now that almost no one gives a second thought to it. Jump on almost any big bike above 250cc and ride away… it would most probably be rolling on radial tyres. Even riders who moved up from mopeds do not question what radial tyres actually mean.

But how do you know if that tyre has radial construction? Just look for the “R” letter after its size info or speed symbol.

The radial tyre is fairly recent especially for motorcycles, compared to when the pneumatic tyre (tyre filled with air) was invented.

The first pneumatic tyre

Contrary to popular belief, the patent for the pneumatic was lodged by Scottish inventor, Robert William Thompson in 1847, instead of John Dunlop. His invention, however, did not make it to production.

But it was John Dunlop, a veterinarian, who created the first working pneumatic tyre in 1888. He invented it for his 10-year-old son who complained of headaches after riding their bicycle fitted with wooden wheels.

A pneumatic tyre means there is a layer of air inside the tyre. That air provides elasticity and hence comfort. Adjusting the air pressure adjusts comfort, and also performance.

It has to be said that the early pneumatic tyres were glued to their wheels to prevent the air from leaking and the pressure was not adjustable like in modern tyres. It was the Michelin brothers who figured a way to mount inflatable tyres without gluing them onto their rims. Incidentally, the French word for the tyre it ‘pneu‘.

Radial vs. bias-ply

Early tyres were essentially bias-ply until the advent of the radial tyre.

Bias-ply (also known as cross-ply) describes the plies that form the body the tyre being laid diagonally from bead to bead. Subsequent plies are laid on top at opposing angles, forming a criss-cross pattern (hence the name cross-ply). This allows the tyre to flex easily hence greater comfort. However, this quality was also the main disadvantage of this type of tyre, as it causes increased rolling resistance (takes more effort to get going), together with less traction and control at high speeds (the tyre deforms). Bias-ply tyres generally could not withstand the high centrifugal forces at high speeds, leading to blowouts.

On the other hand, a radial tyre utilizes ply cords that extend from bead to bead and parallel to each other, usually around 90-degrees to the tyre’s travel, instead of diagonally across like in bias-ply tyres. The plies are held in place by stabilizer belts that run just beneath the tread. The advantages of radial tyres are numerous including longer tread life, better steering control, improved fuel economy due to less rolling resistance, and better grip.

The history of the motorcycle radial tyre

It was the French tyre maker Michelin who patented the radial tyre in 1946. They finally developed the first practical radial tyre (starting with cars) in 1951 and fitted to the Lancia Aurelia. It took more than 30 years later before radial tyres made their debut on road bikes.

Who actually created the first production radial motorcycle tyres is still up for debate.

Pirelli claims it was first in 1983, when they introduced radial tires for the Honda VF1000 R. However, that tyre was only available for the said motorcycle.

Michelin, on the other hand, was the first to offer (albeit a small range) of radial tires for all brands of motorcycles in 1987 called the A59X and M59X, front and rear, respectively.

But whatever the stakes, it was Michelin who did the most research into radial tyres from the very start. The actual concept of a radial tire does though belong to Michelin, as its engineers came up with the idea for automotive tires in the 1930s.

Michelin claims its program for radial motorcycle tires began in 1981. The majority of the development work was undertaken at the racetrack with three-time World Champion Freddie Spencer running a single radial tire on the rear only of his Honda NSR500 for the 1985 season.

The next stage in radial tire development saw Michelin, in 1990, introduce silica into the rubber tire compound to resolve the early problems of finding the right balance between grip and rolling resistance, without adversely affecting the tyre’s grip. By adding silica, Michelin was also able to improve wet weather performance and its grip. It took another nine years for the Michelin Pilot Sport to become the first production bike road tire to have this feature.

Michelin also took another step to develop the first dual compound tyre, introducing a harder wearing compound at the centre combined with a softer and gripper compound on the shoulders in 1994. It was first used exclusively for racing and the development of the tyre finally bore fruit as the Michelin Power Race in 2005. The tyre was the first ever racing tyre that could be homologated for road use.

The first true all-road dual compound tyre was the Michelin Pilot Road 2 with 2CT (2 compound technology) in 2006.

Conclusion

Tyre technology and development have gone through so many milestones especially in the last 5 decades. The rise of ever more powerful, faster, and heavier motorcycles today can be directly traced to the advancement in radial tyres.

Triumph had been teasing a new model recently and we expected it to be the 2025 Triumph Speed Twin 1200, instead of a variant of the Speed 400.

It turned out to be true, but we did not quite expect the updated 1200 to be so much more powerful and sporting such high specs. Well, it should be so anyway, since the manufacturer will stop producing the cafe racer Thruxton 1200 from next year, so it is the Speed Twin’s turn to step up to bat. There are two variants of the 2025 Triumph Speed Twin 1200 – standard and RS.

The engine for both the standard and RS versions remains the same 1200cc parallel-twin with a 270-degree crank, but it now features cams with new profiles and new ignition timing, to “pull harder for longer up to the rev limit.” As such, maximum power is kicked up by 5hp at 7,750 RPM from 99hp. Maximum torque is 112.6Nm at 4,250 RPM. That is a very good 3,500 RPM spread between peak torque and peak power, giving the rider “power everywhere” in the rev range.

Chassis for the standard includes reworked 43mm Marzocchi upside-down forks and twin Marzocchi rear shock absorbers with remote reservoirs. There are twin 320mm brake discs up front, while the tyres are Metzeler Sportec M9RR. The handlebar is raised higher and further forward to provide roomier riding position.

As for the RS, the front features fully-adjustable Marzocchi forks, and Öhlins rear shock absorbers. The front brakes also use twin 320mm discs, but are clamped by Brembo Stylema calipers. The tyres are also swapped out for the racier Metzeler Racetec RR K3. The handlebar has the same position as the standard’s but the footpegs are placed higher and further back. Buyers can also opt for clip-on handlebars.

As for rider aid, both versions are equipped with a six-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) which provides cornering ABS and traction control. The standard has Road and Rain ride modes, while the RS has an additional Sport mode.

There is a new round-shaped dashboard that incorporates LCD and TFT elements, and provide turn-by-turn navigation via Bluetooth connection to your smartphone.

Lastly, the styling. The 2025 Triumph Speed Twin 1200 may look the same as any Bonneville, but the tank has been reshaped with raked lines and deep knee cutouts, and with a new cap. The side panels look cleaner and the LED headlights has a new daytime running light (DRL) signature.

See? The Speed Twin 1200 is taking over from the Thruxton after all, while offering more possibilities and accessibility. Service intervals are at every 16,000km.

Prices are £12,495 (RM69,955.98) for the Speed Twin standard and £14,495 (RM81,126.48) for the Speed Twin 1200 RS.

The Road Transport Department (JPJ) reminds the organizers and participants of the RXZ Members 6.0 event that will start in Terengganu today to comply with the rules and conditions set by the authorities, as agreed between the two parties previously.

JPJ Director General Datuk Aedy Fadly Ramli said that his party also has no plans to implement roadblocks (SJR) to ensure the smooth running of the program, which is entering its sixth year.

“This time, Terengganu JPJ together with Terengganu Police and other relevant authorities took the initial step by holding discussions with the organizers and providing clear guidelines regarding the organization of the program.

“We have given the conditions that need to be complied with, and JPJ will work with the police to monitor the rally so that it takes place as directed,” he said.

Among the conditions that need to be complied with are ensuring that the motorcyclist has a driving license and road tax, that the motorcycle is not physically modified which is illegal and that the motorcycle plate complies with the specified specifications in addition to the motorcycle exhaust not being modified.

“JPJ does not intentionally want to find fault, in fact we also want the program to run smoothly but at the same time, we also need to ensure that all other road users are safe not only those who participate in the assembly,” he added.

Previously, Terengganu Police Chief Datuk Mohd Khairi Khairudin reportedly said that he had given clear guidelines to the organizers through four series of coordination meetings with other departments including Kuala Terengganu City Council (MBKT), JPJ Terengganu and East Coast Highway 2 (LPT2) and organizers need to comply if they want the program to continue next year.

The RXZ Members 6.0 program which will be held at the Terengganu Motor Circuit, Gong Badak, Kuala Nerus today until Saturday is expected to attract the participation of 80,000 participants from all over the country.

Being a moto-journalist since 1998 and having test ridden so many motorcycles, I am constantly being asked which is my favourite or which one will I recommend to own. And since this is the review of the new Triumph Speed 400, it is a forgone conclusion to a now rhetorical reason, right? Well, you need to read to the end to find out, just like a Coen Brothers’ movie.

What is the Triumph Speed 400?

The Speed 400 is one of two variants in Triumph’s new 400cc range, the result of their cooperation with Bajaj Auto which began many years ago. The range is seen as the entry level point into the Triumph family, and both take on the shape of the modern-classic Bonneville.

The 400 range which consists of this Speed 400 and the Scrambler 400 X are powered a 398cc, single-cylinder, DOHC, 4-valve engine which produces 39.5hp at 8,000 RPM ad 37.5Nm of torque at 6,500 RPM. Make no mistake, this is a Triumph-spec engine, unlike the one which powers the Dominar 400 which shares some of its architecture with the KTM 390 Duke’s.

Perhaps we need to reiterate that this lineup is built by Bajaj, but the bikes are definitely Triumphs.

What we liked, Number 5: The simplicity

Before motorcycles were segmented and micro-segmented into different categories, the Bonneville’s type of motorcycles were the only motorcycles, hence you can label it as a “standard motorcycle.” They were pure in the sense that there are two wheels, an engine, a fuel tank, a seat, a handlebar, footpegs.

Point is, motorcycles were uncluttered, uncomplicated, and in other words, simple. You only needed to jump on it, start, and go.

The Triumph Speed 400 embodies this perfectly. There is no need to fettle with the engine mapping, level of traction control, connect your smartphone.

Just ride.

What we liked, Number 4: Its specification

While this seems like a contradiction to Number 5, it is a necessity. The Speed 400 may be an entry-level model, but it has some “hidden” modern features.

The engine is modern throughout and features EFI and liquid-cooling, and is Euro 5-compliant. Likewise, the suspension consists of upside-down forks (albeit unadjustable) and a monoshock at the back, similar to the Bajaj Dominar 400’s. The instrument panel looks classic with a large speedometer, but there is a small tachometer at the side. There is traction control which can be switched on or off, but no ride mode. Brakes are Bybre and ABS is dual-channel. There is also a USB charging port, cleverly placed behind and just underneath the instrument panel.

What we liked, Number 3: That engine

It pulled really hard. It revved so quickly that it gobbled up the first three gears instantly, causing us to run into the rev limiter the first time we hammered down. It even continued to push the bike hard in 6th from 6,000 RPM and onwards to its top speed of around 160km/h.

The good spread of torque is a character of all Triumph motorcycles, letting you accelerate hard from whichever point you currently are in the rev range, in any gear. Consequently, it made short work of riding in traffic or up our KL-Genting Highlands test route.

It needed more gear-shifting than bigger bikes when we tested it by going up the Genting Highlands road, but the torque was always present for punching out of slower corners. But because it is a smaller capacity, it never overwhelms and you are not afraid to open up, compared to bigger capacity bikes where you have to judge your throttle, braking, steering actions judiciously or risk going wide.

The throttle response was smooth – again, a trait of all Triumphs – meaning the bike reacts exactly to the twist of the wrist. And this made it so much fun hammering the bike up and down Genting Highlands.

It even cruised happily at 130km/h (8,000 RPM) all day without sounding like the engine will explode.

What we liked Number 2: Its handling!

We have said this over and over again: Triumph makes the best handling bikes and we are glad that the Speed 400 is no exception. In fact, it is the best handling Triumph!

All we needed to do was, for want of a better word, chuck the bike into any corner. See the corner, chuck it in. See another corner, chuck it in. The wide handlebar made countersteering a cinch because it responded immediately to our inputs.

The suspension may seem rudimentary but it absolutely soaked up all the bumps and holes on that road. We were a little apprehensive at first but discovered that no amount of road imperfection apart from speed bumps could throw the bike off its cornering line.

First victim to discover this was a VW Golf R32 driver who tried to race us. He was gone in just two corners. Another Proton X50 driver thought he could do the same, even by attempting to squeeze us off our cornering line. He was also despatched after two corners.

On the way down, a KTM 390 Duke rider gave chase but was left behind after the section consisting of “S” bends. Next was a group consisting of a Honda CBR250R, Yamaha YZF-R25, and several Yamaha Y16ZRs. They could not keep up after we chucked the Speed 400 through that one particularly tricky slippery and reducing radius left-hander.

On the SPE, a BMW R 1200 GS rider saw us in his mirrors and opened up. Of course, we could not keep up in a straight line due to the huge engine power deficit, yet we managed to cling on behind him in the corners as we chucked the bike around at speeds between 120-130km/h without even going off throttle. He was surprised to see us still behind when the road straightened out and he rolled out to see what bike it was.

How we wished we could paint the silhouettes of our “kills” on the side of the tank, just like how fighter pilots do!

Now, this would not have been even a blip of a talking point if the Speed 400 was a sportbike, but it is not – it is a modern classic standard. Comparing it to the likes of the 390 Duke, the Duke needs more commitment and a skilled and experienced rider to ride it fast, whereas we think almost anyone can be fast on the Speed 400. Heck, I do not think I went up and down Genting this fast even on the Triumph Street Triple 765 RS!

To put it into perspective, it was like riding a 250cc naked bike with well-sorted suspension, great throttle response, and smooth torque.

What we liked, Number 1: Accessibility and practicality

Great features, engine, handling, all wrapped up in an accessible and practical package. The seat is low and comfortable, with the handlebars placed at just the right height. The brakes were good although it needed a slightly harder pull, the clutch action was smooooooth. The gears slotted in solidly. The bike was light on paper and could be felt immediately. It went fast immediately when we wanted to be fast, and cruised serenely when we wanted to relax.

You could install a tank bag and side bags for touring. The engine is fuel efficient, wringing out 300+km from 12 litres.

And all these, for just RM26,900 (selling price) which puts it as a power player in the 250cc-400cc segment.

Shortcomings

Of course there were, but they probably due to rider preferences and riding styles.

Firstly, the first three gears where too short and the space from third to fourth a little wide. That left us changing up and down between third and fourth while in traffic. This can be fixed by swapping the stock front sprocket out to one with one tooth bigger, or dropping two teeth out back. It should make the engine run at lower revs during cruises, and help with rolling speeds into corners.

Secondly, we detected iffy fuel injected between 5,000-6,000 RPM on partial throttle in all gears. We circumvented this by either using a higher gear in lower RPMs, and lower gear above those RPMs. Still, it should not exist for a Triumph.

Thirdly, the bike tended to squirm during hard braking due to the aggressive steering angle (24.3 degrees). However, this was cured by clamping our inner thighs hard onto the sides of the fuel tank. That said, they bike does not like being trail braked into corners due to its rearward weight distribution, consequence of its riding position. It also waggled the handlebar in really high-speed corners. We suspect this can be easily fixed by increasing the rear shock’s preload to move more weight to the front.

However, these are just (very) minor niggles to detract from the overall enjoyment of riding the bike. We had to come up with these for the sake of a balanced review.

Closing

Coming back to the opening, can I place the Triumph Speed 400 as one of my personal favourites? And would I recommend buying it?

YES. And YES.

Berjaya Sompo Insurance Strengthens Its Commitment to Motorcyclists With Participation in Yamaha GenBlu Carnival

As part of its continuous commitment to promoting rider safety, Berjaya Sompo Insurance recently took part in the “Yamaha GenBlu Carnival”, which was held at Bandar Medini, Puteri Iskandar, Johor, on August 25, 2024.

The fifth edition of the carnival attracted over 16,008 motorcyclists, officially securing a spot in the Malaysia Book of Records for being the largest Yamaha motorcycle gathering event. (more…)

Archive

Follow us on Facebook

Follow us on YouTube